2011年8月20日 星期六

文學短路&#5八; 罪與罰(1)斧頭

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The heat on the street was terrible: and the airlessness, the bustle and the plaster, scaffolding, bricks, and dust all about him, and that special Petersburg stench, so familiar to all who are unable to get out of town in su妹妹er—all worked painfully upon the young man’s already overwrought nerves. The insufferable stench from the pot-houses, which are particularly numerous in that part of the working day, completed the revolting misery of the picture. An expression of the profoundest disgust gleamed for a moment in the young man’s refined face. He was, by the way, exceptionally handsome, above the average in height, slim, well-built, with beautiful dark eyes and dark brown hair.

From Crime and Punishment by F. Dostoevsky

街道上熱烘烘的,磨肩擦踵的人群,眼見的1切是石灰、磚瓦和飛揚的塵埃,還有1股聖彼得堡公民再習慣不過的汗臭味,因為他們底子沒錢租別墅避暑。刻下1切的全数讓這個年輕人早已緊繃的神經再度面臨考驗。酒館內傳出令人難受的臭味,在這城裡有數不清像這樣的酒館。雖然不是放假的日子,卻處處可見喝醉酒的人,為方圆蒙上更深1層的憂鬱和厭惡。年輕人敏銳的露出深惡痛絕的表情,他的风度俊秀,中等以上的身体,雖然瘦長卻體格勻稱,1雙漂明的烏黑眼睛,還有深褐色的頭髮。

F。杜斯托也夫斯基 《罪與罰》

俄國小說《罪與罰》的男副角叫做拉斯克尼科夫(Raskolnikov),是1個风度堂堂的年輕人,曾經是個大學生卻沒有实现學位,在學校裡面本來有1個教職後來也給解聘了,以是,在小說剛開始的時候,這個年輕人跟方圆人事物扞格难入的感覺應該算是到達了頂峰,他用鄙夷的式样看著城市裡面髒亂的街景還有胡鬧的人群,用身體去感覺這裡的悶熱與臭味(汗臭與酒臭),心裡面某個可骇的計畫就缓缓成形了。他先拿1個銀錶去1個老婦人家典當,老婦人叫做阿麗娜(Alyona),是個守財奴,對待來典當物品(也就是生存上有困難)的人极度厚道,拉斯克尼科夫這時也和以往1樣,從阿麗娜那裡拿到1點點錢,阿麗娜還威脅他說「隨時大概把你的抵押品賣掉」。這時候年輕人的周到人造极度惡劣,不過他還是強忍下大师的脾氣,問老太太1些古怪的問題,他問說老太太是不是大师1個人住,她有1個妹妹,叫做麗莎(Lizaveta),平常凡是什麼時候會在,在沒有失去確切谜底的情況之下,拉斯克尼科夫也就憤憤離去了。

告辭以後,拉斯克尼科夫到酒館裡面去喝點小酒。在那裡,他碰着了1個被解雇的公務人員馬梅拉杜夫(Marmeladov),這個人1邊喝得醉醺醺1邊跟拉斯克尼科夫講他家裡面的事件,馬梅拉杜夫與他正本的老婆生了1個很乖的女兒蘇尼雅(Sonya),而在這個老婆死了以後他又娶了凱薩琳(Katerina),他跟這個寡婦結婚的時候她已經有了3個小孩。以是這拼湊出來的1家子人輾轉來到聖彼得堡,這個男人好不简单在這個大城市裡面找到了义务,然则因為他酗酒的習慣,這個义务又丟掉了,凱薩琳的身體不好,患了肺病,家裡面1堆小孩子都還嗷嗷待哺,蘇尼雅只好去做妓女來養家,1個好好的女孩要去做這種事件,百口人都對她感覺到很虧欠,乃至馬梅拉杜夫也1度想要振作起來,把酒戒掉,在大众機關再找個差事來做。然则他這樣發憤圖強的情況並沒有持續很久,他的义务做沒有兩個月,就偷走家裡面1切的錢,跑到酒館買醉,在拉斯克尼科夫碰着他的時候,他已經茫了5天還沒有回家,乃至還跑去找大女兒拿皮肉錢出來讓他買酒喝(那時的俄國風塵夫君都要領所謂的「黃牌」並且跟侏儒分開來栖息)。在這個心懷愧疚的酒鬼講完這些事件以後,拉斯尼科夫就帶他回家,在那裡他看到了憤怒并且還不停咳嗽的凱薩琳,還有1屋子面黃肌瘦的小孩子,他想到馬拉梅杜夫這個人這輩子不成能戒酒,想到這家人的情況不成能好轉,也想到蘇尼雅為這家人的犧牲大概是無止無盡的,就在心裏下了1個結論:「雖然他們曾經哭泣,過不久就會習慣了。人是粗俗的東西,什麼都會習慣的。」(They’ve wept over it and grown used to it. Men grows used to everything, the scoundrel!)然後就悶悶的回到了大师的住處。

在拉斯克尼科夫回到他那個小小髒髒的公寓時,他收到了母親寄來的信,母親在信裡面提到,他的妹妹杜妮(Dunya)去有錢人的家裡面當家教,卻給那家人的佣人史維里凱洛(Svidrigallov)欺負,這個年紀已經不小的豪宅佣人想要钻营美麗的杜妮,讓女孩子极度困擾,恰好他那些老不修的頻頻動作又給豪宅女佣人瑪莎(Marfa)看到,妒忌的糟糠妻女佣人就很沒禮貌地把杜妮趕落发門,家鄉裡面左鄰右舍也就這樣對杜妮投以異樣的眼光,然则後來瑪莎發現了杜妮回給史維里凱洛的信函,裡面義正嚴詞地回絕了男佣人的钻营,瑪莎就心懷愧疚地對鎮上的人宣佈說女孩子受到了委曲,讓杜妮失去了申雪。為了補償杜妮,瑪莎還做媒介紹有錢的親戚彼得‧陸辛(Pyotr Luzhin)給女孩子認識,這個有錢親戚次假如處理纪律業務發跡,拉斯克尼科夫從母親在信裡面的描画判斷出這個人其實很現實,他雖然向杜妮求婚,然则卻還是看不起他們家清寒的背景,不停覺得這門親事是1樁富裕的人施予窮人的1種恩义(陸辛這種態度在之後劇情的發展當中顯露無遺,狗眼看人低的嘴臉描画之深入讓人感覺就是工商都會發展之共業)。然则母親還是對這樁婚事极度等待,除了攀上1門有錢的親戚之外,她也渴望這個所謂的青年才俊大概幫忙失業的兒子拉斯克尼科夫找到平順的前途。

看完母親的信函,拉斯克尼科夫又心懷厭惡地上街去漫步,在街上公園的長椅上,他看到1個被灌醉的,衣衫不整的女孩子(無疑的就是給欺負了),椅子不遠之处還有1個穿著還算體面,表面還有點紳士派頭的男人在看著她。拉斯克尼科夫花了1點錢賄賂1個警员幫忙把女生送回家,1邊想著,大师的妹妹也是保留在這樣無情的天下,隨時露出在1些衣冠禽獸的覬覦之下,而生存的壓力會迫使她就範。

漫步回來,拉斯克尼科夫躺在沙發上昏昏欲睡,他做了1個夢,那是1個回憶, 「夢中气象鮮明尖銳,和現實相去不遠」(dreams often have a singular actuality, vividness, and extraordinary semblance of reality),他夢到小時候跟父親1同走過的1個小酒館,在那裡人聲喧囂,醉鬼、行人、婦女圍繞著1台馬車,車上的人在奮力抽打1匹瘦弱的馬,旁邊的人有的嘲讽,乃至還有人爬上去增减轻量試著要馬拉動車子,也有人抗議佣人的殘忍,這麼瘦弱的馬沒有辦法再拉車了,在鞭子的抽打聲,人群的交谪與訕笑聲裡面,馬佣人大呼:「這是我的,我要怎樣就怎樣!」(It’s my property. I’ll do what I choose.)最後,1切人的情緒都亢奮到最高點,馬佣人拿出1條鐵棍,其余喝酒的人用酒瓶與鞭子,1同結束了馬的性命,這時,還是小孩子的拉斯克尼科夫掙脫父親的把握,跑到馬的身邊,抱著馬,流下了眼淚。

夢醒之後,拉斯克尼科夫對大师想出來的計畫感到反悔:

…can it be, that I shall really take the axe, that I shall strike her on the head, split her skull open…that I shall tread in the sticky warm blood, break the lock, steal and tremble; hide, all spattered in the blood…

「難道我真的會拿斧頭砍她的腦袋,打破她的腦殼。。。難道我會踏過1灘濕黏灼熱的鮮血,撬開鎖,偷東西,然後浑身發抖的躲起來嗎?」

以是他本來是不想執行這個計畫了,當他這樣想的時候,他覺得大师有1種從惡夢解脫出來的感覺,然後他又出門去閒晃,經過某個市場,他卻無意間聽到某個攤販在跟麗莎談論事件,阿麗娜的妹妹麗莎要在昔日的下战书七點到那個攤販上做舊衣服的買賣。聽完這個對話,拉斯克尼科夫感到無望,「像個被判了极刑的罪人。。。再沒有理智的因由,再也沒存心志的因由,全数就這麼決定了。」 (…like a man condemned to death…no more freedom of thought, no will, that everything was suddenly and irrevocably decided.)

以是,這就是拉斯克尼科夫做完種種的規劃(藏兇器,決定潛入的体例等等的事件)之後,在昔日的晚上七點多,在阿麗娜的家裡所作的事件:

He pulled the axe quite out, swung it with both arms, scarcely conscious of himself, and almost without effort, almost mechanically, brought the blunt side down on her head. He seemed not to use his own strength in this. But as soon as he had once brought the axe down, his strength returned to him.

The old woman was as always bareheaded. Her thin, light hair, streaked with grey, thickly smeared with grease, was plaited in a rat’s tail and fastened by a broken horn comb which stood out on the nape of her neck. As she was so short, the blow fell on the very top of her skull. She cried out, but very faintly, and suddenly sank all of a heap on the floor, raising her hands on her head. In one hand she still held “the pledge.” Then he dealt her another and another blow with the blunt side and on the same spot. The blood gushed as from an overturned glass, the body fell back. He stepped back, let it fall, and at once bent over her face; she was dead. Her eyes seemed to be starting out of their sockets, the brow and the whole face were drawn and contorted convulsively.

他拿出了斧頭,雙手高高舉起,不禁自立,也仿佛不費力氣的用斧背往老妇人的腦袋砍了上来。原本無力的他在斧頭落下的當時,他的力氣全都湧上。

老妇人跟平常1樣沒有紮頭巾。幾根浓重的灰髮还是用髮油擦得光亮,然後編成1條辮子,再用1把破牛角梳子將頭髮梳成髮髻,盤在後腦勺上。因為她個子矮小,斧頭恰恰砍在她頭頂上。她1聲慘叫,然则相當的薄弱。雖然她趕緊舉起雙手抱住頭,但手裡仍拿著那只抵押品。拉斯克尼科夫史出渾身力氣,又用斧背在她頭頂上猛擊了幾下。泉湧般的鮮血,就像打翻的玻璃杯所流出的液體,她倒臥在地板上。拉斯克尼科夫发展了1步,彎下腰看看她的臉,她已經死了。1般的雙眼,如同要跳出來似的,額頭和臉龐全都扭曲走樣。

接著,這是在晚1點的時間,拉斯克尼科夫在搜寻阿麗娜的財物時,發現麗莎進門以後所作的事件:

In the middle of the room stood Lizaveta with a big bundle in her arms. She was gazing in stupefaction at her murdered sister, white as a sheet and seeming not to have the strength to cry out. Seeing him run out of the bedroom, she began faintly quivering all over, like a leaf, a shudder ran down her face; she lifted her hand, opened her mouth, but still did not scream. She began slowly backing away from him into the corner, staring intently, persistently at him, but still uttered no sound, as though she could not get breath to scream. He rushed at her with the axe; her mouth twitched piteously, as one sees babies’ mouths, when they begin to be frightened, stare, intently at what frightens them and are on the point of screaming.

And this hapless Lizaveta was so simple and had been so thoroughly crushed and scared that she did not even raise a hand to guard her face, though that was the most necessary and natural action at the moment, for the axe was raised over her face. She only put up her empty left hand, but not to her face, slowly holding it out before her as though motioning him away. The axe fell with the sharp edge just on the skull and split at one blow all the top of her head. She fell heavily at once.

麗莎恰恰站在屋子中間,雙手捧著1個大包裹,木然的望著被殺害的姊姊。她臉色慘白,底子沒有力氣叫嚷。她看見拉斯克尼科夫跑出來時,身子直打颤栗,臉部抽搐得厲害。她舉起1隻手來,嘴巴張得很大,但還是喊不出聲來,彷彿呼吸困難喘不過氣來。拉斯克尼科夫拿著斧頭往她的左袒逼近,她像個受驚的小孩,凝視刻下可怕的气象,雙唇忍不住哀痛的顫抖著。

可憐的麗莎,彻底被嚇壞了,連手都沒有舉起來保護臉蛋,斧頭已經對準她的臉,揮了過來,她只是悄然默默舉起左手,並不是想遮住臉龐。而是缓缓伸向拉斯克尼科夫,彷彿要將他推開。然则斧頭已經直劈她的腦袋,腦門上方瞬間被劈成兩半,她倒了下來。

杜斯托也夫斯基的這本小說,最荒謬卻也最偉大之处,就是在證明,在以寫實主義的步履所描画出來的十9世紀俄國最大城市聖彼得堡裡面,能夠對老年人(并且還是女人)施以如此慘忍技艺格式的青年,仍旧仿佛你我1般有大概是個坏人,這樣的人在城市裡面遊走,總是被逼迫選擇大师的本能:面對人间間的無情,终因而應該選擇从容接受以承認大师的粗俗,還是要執起強硬的意念作為兇器,成為自私人群的其中1把傷人利斧?而在小說的第1部,總共七個章節的篇幅裡面,這樣的企圖心就頗具規模。在這些章節當中,男副角直接或間接的面對了许多人:典當東西的老妇人、醉鬼、母親、妹妹、準備迎娶妹妹的現實鬼,還有那個受到欺負的女孩,然後這些經驗就總結在本源於兒時回憶的夢裡面,城市裡面酒館林立,就像在那個夢裡的酒館,酒臭味瀰漫著自己身不禁己的周到,人群叫囂著,其中,聲音最大的,就是1個企圖管束與擁有的聲音,它在現實裡面调动成為老妇人嘶啞的言語威脅、醉鬼與他老婆對於乖順女兒的剝削、大概是有錢人家對大师妹妹的骯髒企圖。而在聲音吶喊出來的同時,血淋淋的壓迫在持續。年輕人不願意功能於這樣的壓迫,就像他不願意如馬拉梅杜夫那樣功能於粗俗的生存,只好以其余1種壓迫別人的体例,插手這個城市的血與叫囂當中。以是,藉由這個年輕人的例子,小說家大概在表明1個難以證明的理論,在這個城市的其余正侏儒只是還未曾犯下殺人罪的坏人們罷了。






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